The article investigates how business cartels consolidate their power and control in the market through covert practices that distort competition and defy regulation. With an exploratory approach, a qualitative analysis of 10 files of Colombian business cartels was carried out, in which the Superintendence of Industry and Commerce imposed sanctions between 2000 and 2017. The findings reveal that these cartels structure coordination and communication mechanisms that, despite operating illegally, combine strategies of supervision, sanction and trust building. This internal governance framework, which oscillates between negotiation and coercion, allows cartels to balance operational efficiency with strategic flexibility, meeting the challenges of decentralizing power without compromising internal cohesion. The study's findings underscore the importance of understanding these governance mechanisms to improve the detection and prevention of these practices in future anti-cartel policies.
Poetry slam represents an oratory art open to all, typically performed in public places and during various events. This verbal practice resonates particularly with young people, as each artist distinguishes himself/herself by adopting a pseudonym that often reflects his/her vision or ideals he/she defend. The aim of this study is to identify the lexical formation processes governing the structure of these artists’ names and unveil their underlying semantics through an interpretative study.
The present study was investigated to aim with the screening of selected medicinal plant to substantiate in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Tamarix aphylla bark against bacterial strains viz. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and fungal strains including Aspergilus flavus and Candida albicans using dilutions of 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/ml of the stock solution prepared in dimethyl sulfaoxide (DMSO) via disc diffusion assay and designed to provide scientific evidence for its use as a folk remedy in traditional practice. Inhibitory effect of extract in millimeters was determined by measuring the zone of growth inhibition surrounding the discs and compared with the standard drug. Although this study investigating the in vitro antimicrobial activity, the results showed that the extract Tamarix aphylla bark was found to exhibit marked activity and zone of inhibition at higher concentration in most of the microorganisms examined. Thorough screening of literature available on Tamarix aphylla depicted the fact that it is a popular remedy among various ethnic groups and traditional practitioners for treatment of ailments with versatile biological properties and no side effects confirming to the presence of great potential of bioactive and phytochemical com¬pounds rationalizing the use of this plant in primary health care.
PURPOSE Imparting higher education in India, not so long back was largely the prerogative of the state as payment capacity of the masses was preventing too many private players to venture into education sector. Of late, however education sector has become one of the most sought after business for both novice entrepreneurs as well as established players of corporate India. These are pouring money into the said sector to fetch reasonable return on their investment. The traditionally reliable state players too have started making efforts to add on to their image of reliable education providers. Already, it has become a debatable issue as to whether the private universities would be able to match the state owned universities on reliability front and how will these counter the extremely low fees being charged by them. State Universities, on the other hand have also a task cut out for them as to how these will counter the excessive promotion being done by private entrants and way these create tangibles. The best way under the prevailing circumstances is to impart quality in educational services. The present study essentially aims at assessing service quality as perceived by the students of selected state owned and private universities of India. RESEARCH TYPE Empirical MODEL USED Self-Designed FINDINGS Both state as well as private universities of Haryana have not yet come up to the expectations of the students on various service quality dimensions. Comparatively speaking, the relative position of state universities is better on the fronts viz Service Bonding, Service Value, Service Security and Service Competence. The Private University has got a slight edge on Service Impressiveness and Service Promptness fronts. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The Indian education service providers shall start viewing service quality from the viewpoint of the students and start bringing in necessary changes in their existing endeavours on the said front. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS Technicalities involved in understanding of the concept of service quality might have acted as a handicap for the students in giving prompt and accurate answers to the questions in hand.
Context: Genetic abnormalities, such as Down syndrome possess greater risk for Children born to older parents. Aims: The influence of maternal age on Down syndrome is well established, but little is known about the genetic consequences of advanced paternal age. Methods and Material: This study group included both Down syndrome patients and age, sex matched healthy controls. Results: In this later maternal age group, the paternal contribution to Down syndrome was more than 50%. A paternal age effect on Down syndrome was seen in association with maternal age of 35 years and above, and it was most pronounced when the maternal age was of 40 years and above. Conclusions: Advanced paternal age combined with maternal age influences the incidence of Down syndrome. This effect may represent a paradigm for other genetic abnormalities in children of older fathers.
In this paper, a time truncated life test under two stage group acceptance sampling plan for the percentile of lifetimes following Half Normal distribution is discussed. The parameters for the two stage sampling plan are determined such that both producer’s and consumer’s risks are satisfied simultaneously for the given experimentation time and size of the tester. Comparison is made between single group sampling plan and two stage group sampling plan. Useful tables are given and advantage of two stage group sampling plan is discussed with the help of real life examples such as software reliability, stress rupture life and percentage body fat measurements following Half Normal distribution.
In the last decades, Muslim societies have experienced multiple processes of modernization, as an example, in the area of finance. This marked among other things, the rise of Islamic finance particularly Islamic insurance (takaful). As a consequence, the number of Muslim literates in finance has increased tremendously as well as the number of texts, concerning Islamic legal rulings on Islamic financial transactions which involve Islamic insurance engaged in these finances. At the same time, the Islamic insurance has been channeled to compete or totally eradicate conventional insurance in the new Muslim financial markets or at least in the Islamic countries, and these has triggered disputes among the scholars as to the viability and originality of the Islamic insurance. The disputes over the originality and viability of Islamic insurance to replace conventional insurance might contribute to the emergence, in the Muslim countries, of a tradition of scholarly debates that would stress re-evaluation and innovation of the existing body of knowledge.
Turbulent flow over surfaces roughened by simple geometric elements, such as discrete three-dimensional protuberances, continue to be of interest in fluid engineering from several perspectives, regular roughness elements are routinely used for heat transfer enhancement. They are also used to study surface roughness effects, in general, as they easily reproduced in the laboratory and modeled in numerical experiments. The characteristics of a turbulent flow in channels with three-dimensional blocks are investigation in the context of surface roughness effects. Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations, coupled with the κ- ω turbulence model with near wall treatment are solved by a finite-volume method. The space-averaged velocity profile exhibits a logarithmic region, with a roughness function that varies logarithmically with the roughness Reynolds numbers. At sufficiently large distance from the roughness elements, the effect of the individual elements vanishes and the net effect on the velocity profile is felt as reduction in the constant, β, known as the roughness function, depends not only on the roughness size but also on its geometry. The different block arrangements exhibit quite distinct flow characteristics but the differences tend to vanish as the block height decreases. In general, Reynolds-averaged numerical model successfully describes the principal features of wall roughness that have hitherto for been the purr view of experimental correlations.