Organizational productivity is fundamental to institutional survival and long-term sustainability. In an increasingly unstable and competitive environment, organizational structure plays a central role in enhancing productivity. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between different dimensions of organizational structure and productivity in public and private universities. A descriptive–analytical method was employed, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of academic and administrative managers from the selected universities, from which the sample size was determined using the Morgan and Krejcie table. To assess the validity and reliability of the research instrument, content validity techniques and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were applied. The findings indicate that there are significant differences between organizational structure dimensions—namely complexity, formalization, and centralization—and productivity across the public and private university groups. Based on the ANOVA results, where the significance values for all three structural dimensions were below 0.05, it can be concluded that the level of organizational structure has a significant impact on productivity in both types of universities.
This study begins with an examination of the geographical and historical characteristics of the ancient settlement of Hasanlu, a site belonging to pre-Aryan native populations and recognized as an important archaeological center in the northwest. Among the most remarkable artifacts discovered at the site is the gold vessel commonly known as the Hasanlu Cup. A key question arises when observing the motifs engraved on the lower body of the cup: what meanings or concepts do these designs convey, and why were they specifically positioned in the lower section? To address this question, the study analyzes the visual elements and symbols carved beneath the cup’s main scene. The motifs include representations of a ram, geometric forms such as circles and squares, wheat, a chess-like grid, mandala-like compositions, and calendar-related imagery. These features are interpreted through symbolic and semiotic approaches grounded in the visual language of the ancient world. The results reveal that each design element reflects specific symbolic functions, cosmological meanings, and cultural concepts that correspond to religious, agricultural, temporal, and mythological systems known in early civilizations.
This study investigates the impact of varying levels of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) added to bottled white wines. The research examines technological considerations associated with SO₂ application in winemaking and evaluates its influence on selected quality parameters. Twelve pairs of white wine samples containing different SO₂ concentrations were analyzed. Total antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) photometric method, while SO₂ content and levels of dissolved oxygen were also measured. Sensory differences among samples were evaluated through a triangle sensory test. The objective of the study was to determine whether differing concentrations of SO₂ introduce measurable variations in key quality indicators, including dissolved oxygen content, SO₂ levels, antioxidant capacity, and sensory attributes. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of SO₂ in optimizing wine quality.
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl., commonly known as Beautyberry, is a medicinal plant traditionally used both internally and externally due to its diverse therapeutic properties. Although widely recognized as an ornamental plant and frequently cultivated in home gardens, it also holds notable medicinal importance. In classical texts, it is described under the Sanskrit name Priyangu. The plant bears small white drupaceous fruits. Various parts of C. macrophylla exhibit pharmacological activities, including bitter, sweet, astringent, acrid, anodyne, stomatic, expectorant, depurative, anthelmintic, deodorant, digestive, styptic, febrifuge, and tonic properties. Flowers and fruits are traditionally employed in the treatment of ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, catarrh, anorexia, headache, foul ulcers, flatulence, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, skin disorders, burning sensation, excessive perspiration, diabetes, vomiting, and fever. The leaves are used in managing gout and arthralgia, while the root is chewed to relieve tongue rashes.
This study examines the effect of groundwater presence on the variation of contact pressure at the interface of cylindrical, non-homogeneous media surrounding a vertical well. The analysis is based on the concept of progressive material degradation. The hereditary theory of damage was used as the methodological foundation for the research. Using a regular damage kernel, relaxation curves for contact pressure along the interlayer boundary were constructed, taking into account the influence of groundwater filtration.
This article presents a method for reducing the computational cost of scalar multiplication (SM) in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) for devices with limited processing capability. The proposed technique also provides resistance against side-channel attacks. Since no algorithm currently exists that can solve the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) within sub-exponential time, ECC continues to offer strong security with significantly shorter key lengths compared to other public key cryptosystems. As a result, ECC has attracted considerable interest for deployment in systems with constrained computational resources. Scalar multiplication, the fundamental operation in ECC, is executed through point doubling and point addition. During the computation, the secret key bitstream is processed as a sequence of ‘0’ and ‘1’, where the execution order of doubling followed by conditional addition may expose information to adversaries, posing a security risk for low-power devices. Therefore, developing algorithms that are both computationally efficient and secure remains a critical challenge. The proposed low-cost technique aims to address this challenge by optimizing scalar multiplication while enhancing resistance to side-channel vulnerabilities.
The developmental pattern of Cheilanthes farinosa was investigated under in vitro conditions, with emphasis on spore germination, gametophyte growth, morphogenesis, sexual differentiation, and sporophyte formation. Spore germination was identified as belonging to the Vittaria type, while prothallial development corresponded to the Ceratopteris type. The species appears to possess strong colonizing ability, as a substantial number of sporophytes were produced through both intragametophytic and intergametophytic self-fertilization in culture. Sporophyte formation efficiency reached 8% in isolated gametophyte populations and 12% in composite populations. However, natural populations of this species face shrinking distribution ranges due to genetic constraints and overexploitation for ornamental purposes. The findings underscore the urgent need for conservation strategies to protect this taxon within its natural habitat.