In the child-centred approach, which is an integral part of Early Childhood Education (ECE), child development is facilitated through interaction with the physical and social environment. Early childhood education teachers face criticism for not incorporating this perspective into their practice. The aim of this study was to explore Grade R teachers' understanding of teaching and learning in the early years classroom, as well as their professional development. The classroom practices of two Grade R teachers from two primary schools in Ekurhuleni South District in Gauteng Province were observed and analysed. This research study employed a qualitative approach with a case-study research design, using semi-structured interviews, and classroom observations. The findings revealed that the professional development of teachers involved in the study was limited by their inability to expand their thinking beyond their personal concerns, and the needs of the learners were not the primary determinant of their classroom practices. Instead, external constraints dominated the teachers’ thinking. The teachers demonstrated competence in delivering the curriculum within the scheduled time but appeared to lack awareness of the conditions necessary to teach for understanding rather than knowledge acquisition. The study concluded with several recommendations for transforming teachers’ thinking to enhance the quality of the Grade R learners’ learning experiences.

Purpose and background: The scope of life quality and its assessment is not widespread in any time like today. According to the progress degree of disease, the life quality in patients with hepatitis B is considered as a major concern in these patients. So, the aim of this study was analyzing the regression model of the life quality in patients with hepatitis B in the Mazandaran province in 1390. Methods: This cross sectional- descriptive study have been included 210 patients after six month from record filling of their care at urban and rural health centers of six- city of Mazandaran province. The method of sampling was convenience. Measuring the public life quality was the world health organization questionnaire (WHOQOL- BREF) and measuring the private life quality of liver patients was YONOSSI questionnaire. For data analysis was used of multiple regression method and to compare results was used of one sample test of Kologroph- Smirnoph. Results: After statistical analysis, the average of public life quality and private life quality were 1<1.76<5 and 1<1.83<5, respectively and the total average was evaluated weak (1<1.8<5). Conclusion: According to results, fully integrated of care program of these patients in network system, easy access and facilitating in intervention to improve the life quality is offered

Abstract The aim of present study is related to assess the effect of TV programes in informal learning programs based on Boloom’s theory in three areas. The method of research and the data are subjected to SPSS and x2.The population are all of girls students in Islamic AZAD University, South Tehran Branch who watch the Family Advise programm. samples for them 63 students who are chosen by classified random selection The research tools are 35 questions that their validity are obtained by Chronbach Alpha method in three domains of boloom’s theory. The results of the research shows that these program in Family Law have been successful only in cognitive area.

Background: Health benefit packagedescribed as primary health interventions that provided with government using general funds for all regardless their financial ability. This study was aimed at determine appropriate pattern for Iran using comparative survey of Health benefit packagein various countries. Material and methods: A review exploration was done, scholars was selected population of both developed and developing countries, required information was also extracted by articles, searches and reports of reliable sources and date were analyzed by SPSS, in brief. Results: The vast majority frequencies was respectively allocated to accessibility (40.7%), cost- effectiveness (29.6%), prioritize, efficacy and cost (22.2%). most countries located in WHO African region were selected cost-effectiveness and accessibility, WHO southeast Asia region were selected, coverage, prioritize, efficacy and quality and finally most WHO Europeans region were elected effectiveness and services costsfor including services in Health benefit package . Conclusion: According to most Health benefit package designer emphasis on criteria including accessibility and cost-effectiveness,to designa Health benefit packagefor Iran, these criteria must be noticed.

Fair bandwidth sharing and differentiated drop precedence are two key performance metrics in the routers. However, they both have been studied separately. In the paper, we propose a simple active queue management scheme that deals with fair bandwidth sharing and differentiated drop precedence at the same time, that is, priority-aware fair queueing (PAFQ). The PAFQ uses a dynamic threshold to keep up with traffic variations, hence it can efficiently discriminate non-aggressive flows from aggressive flows. Furthermore, a swap policy is used to conditionally exchange the records of current queue lengths of both compared packets from the same flow by taking respective drop precedence into account. Accordingly, this policy provides differentiated drop precedence within a flow. Besides, a mark policy is used to selectively mark a packet with the maximum count of current queue length that contributes to provide fair bandwidth sharing among competing flows. When a marked packet reaches at the head of FIFO buffer, it will be discarded directly. Simulation results validate that the PAFQ is able to provide excellent fair bandwidth sharing and notable differentiated drop precedence under a variety of traffic conditions while it also keeps low average queue lengths.

The house and housing is one of the most crucial and real phenomenon that the mankind has been struggling for many years and trying to find a suitable reaction to the entire various shifts and changes in this field. This phenomenon not only points to the different dimensions of the social and economical affairs but also it is subjected to the climatic conditions as well. It has been always evaluated in terms of suitability dimensions; now, there have been considered many different approaches to solve the problem. In this article, we are going to recognize the quality and quantity processes of the contemporary houses. The research methodology is subjected to a descriptive-analysis and library-based research in this paper. The evaluation of this article represents that the optimized concept of the house and its indices being defined as following: Multiple sclerosisisa chronic diseaseofthe nervous systemmyelinsuppressordestroysthe centralnervous system. The empirical evidenceshows thepositive effects ofphysical activityon reducingmysymptoms. This present study conducted among women who were suffering from M.S disease in order to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on bone mineral density. This present studyis akind of quasi experimental. The study sampleincluded100MS patients who diagnosed by neurologist.Also, all of them are under supervision of drugs and neurologists in one of the most important clinics in Mashhad. The instrument measurement was consisted of DEXA method in which the control and experimental groups participated in post-test and the experimental group was under the influence of aerobic activity for a period of 24 sessions with the intensity from 60 to 50% maximum heart rate. Then, a post-test was taken. For statistical analysis, paired t test for independent data was used to show significant differences for the selected alpha level of 5%. SPSS program was used for statistical calculations.Eight weeks of aerobic exercise on bone mineral density in the arms, thighs and nuts for my patients do not have a significant effect on M.S patients (255/0.255 p and p-328 << 223 p <). But on the whole body bone mineral density in patients is a significant effect on M.S patience p <. This study could be the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of doing aerobic exercises in the water as one of the strategies for preventing osteoporosis in patients with MS patient. This study could be the basis for subsequent research carried out in the context of the effects of exercises on the other symptoms of the disease, physical, mental health and improve the quality of life and performance in MS patients. Therefore, with respect to items listed practice in water can be used as a complementary treatment for drug treatment in the next to avoid reducing the bone mineral density is suggested to patients

The house and housing is one of the most crucial and real phenomenon that the mankind has been struggling for many years and trying to find a suitable reaction to the entire various shifts and changes in this field. This phenomenon not only points to the different dimensions of the social and economical affairs but also it is subjected to the climatic conditions as well. It has been always evaluated in terms of suitability dimensions; now, there have been considered many different approaches to solve the problem. In this article, we are going to recognize the quality and quantity processes of the contemporary houses. The research methodology is subjected to a descriptive-analysis and library-based research in this paper. The evaluation of this article represents that the optimized concept of the house and its indices being defined as following: A suitable housing is subjected to a suitable dwelling space having the entire preliminary requirements such as availability to the safety, welfare, sustainability and structural stability; also, the growth and increase of relations between the members of the family and neighborhood should be available to the entire dwellers in this regard.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of varied nitrogen fertilization on microbiological status of soil cropped to maize. The experimental treatment was established at the Experimental and Teaching Station in Złotniki, belonging to the Poznań University of Life Sciences. Analyses were conducted in the years 2007 - 2009. Plots with maize had varied nitrogen fertilization levels (ammonium nitrate at 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg N ha-1). Soil samples for analyses were collected from randomly selected locations from the topsoil of the interrows at 6 dates during the vegetation season of maize, i.e. before sowing (I), at the 2-3 leaf phase (II), at the 7-8 leaf phase (III), at the tasseling phase (IV), at the milk stage (V) and after plant harvest (VI). Microbial counts (total counts of bacteria, Actinomycetes and fungi) were determined by the plate method on selective media. Dehydrogenase activity was determined by colorimetry according to the method proposed by Thalmann. Respiration activity of soil was determined using the titer method. Statistical analysis of results was performed using the Statistica 8.0 program. A significant effect of varied nitrogen fertilization on microbial counts and activity in soil was found, while the most advantageous doses were 80 and 160 kg N ha-1.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are vulnerable to many attacks and most of traditional networks security techniques are unusable on WSNs; due to untrusted transmissions, deployment in open and hostile environments, unattended nature and limited resources. So, security is a vital and complex requirement for these networks. This paper focuses on security of WSNs and its main purpose is discussing on WSNs\' attacks in different layers, including of physical layer attacks, link layer attacks, routing layer attacks, transport layer attacks and application layer attacks. It is presenting definition, techniques, goals and result of different attacks on WSNs. Also, this paper discusses known approaches of defensive mechanisms against considered attacks.

The Guelph permeameter (GP) technique for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity above the water table has a strong theoretical base and enables experiments to be carried out quickly and economically. The GP method utilises Richard’s two-head analysis to determine soil’s saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and matric flux potential (Øm) above the water table. However, a high percentage of Kfs and Øm values may be negative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate single- and two-head analysis in relation to these negative values. Boreholes were excavated in loamy soil. In each borehole, water was ponded in constant heads of 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 and 0.20 m and the steady-state flow (Q) values were read. In order to improve the single-head analysis, some values for the sorptive number (?*) were recommended. The recommended values were based on experimental results. Results showed that, for the bigger constant head (H2), the values of KS calculated with the recommended ?* are close to Kfs when the ratio of H2/H1 > 2, and the correlation increased as the H2/H1 ratio increased.

Technological advancements in the field of World Wide Web help the user retrieve the enormous number of documents as a response to a given query. Many of the research scholars proposed various techniques for retrieving the most relevant documents. All such techniques are applicable to normal web documents, where they are unsuitable for the Geo-spatial documents since it has complex information like direction, location, etc. To handle such information efficiently and to retrieve the spatial information a framework termed Semantic and Feature Aggregated Information Retrieval (SFAIR) has been proposed in this paper. This technique has four components, namely (1) Clustering, (2) Indexing, (3) Retrieval, and (4) Ranking. Context-based Query Weighting (CQW) approach clusters the documents that are present in the corpus and indexed using multilevel hashing. On receiving the user query through the user interface, the retrieval component uses Feature Probability and Density (FPD) technique retrieves the document that matches the user query. The FPD technique depends upon the features. The Semantic Density (SD) technique ranks the retrieved documents. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the SFAIR technique over the existing technique.

The main aim of the present study is to determine the strength training exercises of young men’s national boxing team of Turkey and to investigate the serum levels of ICAM impact among the related athletes during six weeks practices. This study is consisted of 20 national boxing team athletes ranging between 20 year old that have been participated voluntarily in the related study. In experimental group the related athletes were given power exercises for six weeks in compare to the control group. The participants carried out the related exercises in two case-based and observation-based groups before and after the test. There have been found significant differences between E-selection and ICAM in this regard. The values of E-selection and ICAMs were compared to the process of before and after exercises in experimental group in p<0.01 level and significant differences were found in this regard. The experimental and control groups values were calculated in before exercise E-selection in p<0.01, ICAMs in p<0.01 and the same obtained in after exercise p<0.01 as there have been significant differences in these levels being investigated by SPSS16 software program. Depending on the difference between the groups with Wilcox non-parametric tests, the same differences were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. The obtained numbers were considered as the significant values 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. The process of activity in before and after training serum levels of ICAM and E-selection in experimental group of athletes were higher than control group. It can be stated that the regular exercise had a positive effect on the level of E-selection and ICAMs in the related study. The whole sports have been recognized as tools for the man’s muscles and nervous system, mental and physical reactions, physiological and metabolic issues supporting the development of the body. The different features of the physical activities can play a key role in the migration of leukocytes molecules to the inflammatory sites in the body. The inflammation of the leukocytes can be happened in several steps involving a dynamic surface on the adhesion of molecules of ICAM and E-selection playing a key role in the cell-cell interactions. Ark Ilrothlein et al defined firstly the adhesion of ICAMs molecules forming in the plasma level of the pathological condition diagnosis and the related evaluation could be useful in this regard. The related inflammation, infection and malignancies in the assessment of indicators may generally have been seen reducing the plasma catecholamine or cortisol level and increasing the leukocyte redistribution moderate in power training exercises. On the other hand, the intense exercise can increase consequently the muscle damage that has been known as the muscle inflammation. But they are not always in challenging the recovery of the muscle damage because it is clear that the function of the adhesion molecules involve the inflammation and leukocytes that they have been little shown in the studies according to the available data.

This study aims to identify and prioritize the most serious crimes committed by mentally retarded people, causes and factors to prevent the commission of a crime from the perspective of police officers, lawyers and judges are doing. . A qualitative study using the Delphi 33-member team, which included the participation of 11 police officers, 11 lawyers and 11 judges were 3 stages finally, a statistical summary of responses provided And the new ranking was determined based on the mean and the standard was set high standards seventh. Results: Results of this study showed that Lowest and the most frequent crimes committed by mentally retarded people were killed and damage to property, the most important factors influencing their low average IQ delinquency and abuse by other perpetrators and the most important factors in the prevention of delinquency mentally retarded people, by the people through education and awareness Culturing them is correct. Conclusion: Since individuals with mental retardation, a series of social problems, economic, cultural and educational have to educate people on to support their rights and education & training of police officers, lawyers and judges necessary condition for justice it is.

In growing world economy of today, there are many possible ways for effective management of people, using each depends on the culture of studied people. Cultural intelligence is one of the most efficient tools for doing tasks effectively in environments that have various and incompatible employees. This intelligence is a special ability and skill which enables the staff do tasks effectively in multi-cultural situations. This research evaluates the relation of cultural intelligence of managers with their effectiveness in Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex. Statistical population included all managers in Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex that contained 435 people. 184 people were selected for sample volume and the questionnaires were distributed among them. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and related statistical methods. Descriptive and deductive statistics were used such as frequency distribution and Spearman and Pearson tests. The results showed that there is a positive significant relation between cultural intelligence of managers and their effectiveness. It was also observed that there was a positive significant relation between the factors of ultra-cognition, motivation and behavior of cultural intelligence and effectiveness of managers, but there was no significant relation between cognition factor and effectiveness.

These days one of the most important issues in clinical researches is the quality of life. That is as effective aspects of the patient’s cares. The aim of this study was to analyze the regression model of the quality of life in cancer patients from Mazandaran province in 2013. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on 185 cases after a chemotherapy treatment session during in the first three months that was referred to Rajaee Chemotherapy Center in 2013. The method of sampling was Purposive. General quality of life was assessed using W.H.O questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and particular life quality was assessed using researcher-developed questionnaire. Data analysis was consisted of a multiple regression method and for comparison one-sample test of Kolmogrov-Smirnov was used. Result: Statistical analysis showed that the average of general life quality, particular life quality and total average was evaluated, 1<0.96<5, 1<1.13<5 and1<1.04<5, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the low quality of general & particular life, fully integration of the care program of patient care in primary health care system, easy access and facilitation in intervention to improve the quality of life is offered.

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is one the most common cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Each year it is newly diagnosed in more than 1.1 million in the world women. Objective: Aims of this study was investigating the role of dietary factors such as consumption of vegetables, fruits, dairy products, fried foods, fish, salt along with food and factors such as weight, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, educational level and marital status in producing of breast cancer. Methods and Materials: The first, we calculated Pierson correlation coefficient between average incidences of breast cancer and proportion of non communicable disease risk factors. And then, the risk factors their correlation coefficient was statistically significant were imported in multiple linear regression, because, we could investigated their effects each other and adjusted confounding effects if there are. Results: Based on Pearson correlation results, between breast cancer in women with diabetes, fish consumptions, percent of academic education and none consumption of fruit be seen a significant positive relationship. However, the incidence of breast cancer with none fish consumption, percent of illiteracy and taking fruit be seen a significant negative relationship. However, in multiple linear regression analysis remained association among percent of academic education, fruit consumption and percent of women diabetes. Conclusion: In the interpretation results of ecologic studies must be cautious about ecological fallacy, because this study can only hypothesize about some possible risk factors of breast cancer. Therefore others studies for example cohort or case control required to prove these findings.