The present study was carried to explore the flora of Zaini Pass, District Chitral, Pakistan. For this purpose, the whole area was surveyed during 2018- 2020 for the collection of plant species. A total of 280 plant species of 195 genera and 69 families were recorded from the study area, including 3 pteridophytes, 2 gymnosperms, 40 monocots and 233 dicots. Asteraceae was found as the most dominant family that contributed 38 species (13.66%) followed by Papilonaceae 21 spp. (7.55%), Lamiaceae 18 spp. (6.47%), Rosaceae 16 spp. (5.75%), Brassicaceae and Poaceae 14 spp. (5.03%) each, Apiaceae 12 spp. (4.31%), Polygonaceae 11 spp. (3.95%) and Boraginaceae 10 spp. (3.59%), while rest of the families shared less than 10 species. Herbs were dominating habit in the research area which contributed 84.23%, followed by Trees 8.46% and Shrubs (7.30%). Therophytes were the most abundant life form that constituted 40.28% of the total flora, followed by hemicrytophytes and phanerophytes (15.46%) each, geophytes (14.02%), chamaephytes (12.94%), Climbers (1.07%) and parasitic plants (0.71%). Nanophylls were the most abundant leaf size that consisted of (34.17%) of total flora, followed by microphylls (22.30%), mesophylls (18.34%), leptophylls (16.18%), macrophylls (7.55%) and aphyllous (1.44%). Simple leaf type was leading class that consisted of (67.87%), followed by compound (19.85%), incised (10.82%) and aphyllous (1.44%). The study area has two spells of flowering seasons, Spring (March- May) and Summer (June – August). But three categories of flowering condition were observed, most of plant species were bloom out during spring season which having 50% species followed by Summer with 40.35% and spring and summer with 4.65% of species. But no flowering condition was recorded during autumn and winter.

Esthetics is the “new trend” in dental medicine as a natural consequence of the development of modern society, with implications in practice and training. Like any rule in art, but also within the medical field, esthetics must be known and addressed in relation to other medical or non medical principles (dental cosmetic), respect the ethics rules. This paper is a literature study designed to focus the current problems that modern dentistry is facing, in relation to esthetic requirements. The literature search strategy in electronic databases EBSCO Data Base, Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Pub Med indexed articles, used Boolean Operators and Keywords: ethics, esthetics and dental cosmetic.\nThere were selected publications in English, peer reviews, articles from academic publications, dated January 2000 to December 2013. There was obtained a total of 1248 articles, including full text criteria, of which 580 articles were retained, and after applying the selection criteria only 13 publications remained. Identified as directions of interest were: 1. Dental esthetics as part of dentistry - boundaries. 2. The difference between esthetic and dental cosmetic, from an ethical point of view. 3. Esthetics, the reason for treatment and clinical examination. 4. Medical training, scientific publications, patient information, consent. In conclusion, the dentist must be familiar with the differences between esthetic and dental cosmetic, must minimize the subjective component of the examination, identify the reasons of presentation, guide the patient in choosing the optimal treatment, including obtaining the desired esthetic results, within the ethical boundaries of the noble medical profession .

In this study a single basin, multi basin, pyramid type solar stills are coupled with a common biomass heat source and in solar mode to raise the productivity. The lower portions of the multi basin still, single basin and pyramid stills are fitted with a heat exchanges. The heat exchanger is connected to a biomass boiler heat source to get heat energy. This system increases the water temperature in the basin and also increases the productivity in the still during night time. Heat supplied from the boilers are either continuous flow or once flow modes.. All the styles are having same area single of 0.64m2 with the common biomass heat source with forced circulation through a pump at a constant flow rate. Experiments are conducted with various water depths, sensible, latent heat, evaporation materials placed in all the distilleries. In this work the solar still behaves like a capacitor.. Sensible heat storage materials, Latent heat storage materials increases productivity. To increase exposure area sponges, wicks add to the still. Biomass such as palm wastes is tried in this workplace. A higher productivity is obtained for seashell as sensible storage materials in biomass mode when compared to solar mode. Exposure area is increased by adding sponges when compared to the wicks. Theoretical analysis is done by using RSM (Response surface methodology). The use of sponges increases the evaporation by 43%. Experiments are conducted in biomass mode and solar modes. Continuous flow mode produces more output than once flow mode. The overall productivity of multibasin still was higher than single basin and pyramid still in all modes of operations. The biomass mode produces more output (72%) than solar mode. Output from RSM is compared with experimental values for error analysis.

Introduction: Central venous catheters (CVCs) are the most frequent cause of nosocomial bacteremia. Catheter–related blood stream infections (CRBSIs) increase the length of hospitalization, hospital costs, morbidity, and mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, causative agents, and risk factors of CVC-related infections (CVCRIs). \nMaterial and Methods: This study was carried out in different units of the State Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital in a period of 6 months between February 1 and August 1, 2007. The CVCRIs were diagnosed with semiquantitative catheter cultures and simultanous blood cultures from CVC and peripheral vein. The following were determined for each patient: age and gender, clinic of hospitalization, underlying disorders, patient’s condition at discharge, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), use of blood products, type of surgical wound, APACHE II score, the vein where the catheter was placed, duration of catheterization, the hospital unit where the catheter was placed, isolated microorganisms, the difference between the times of growth of microorganisms in CVC- and peripheral-blood cultures, and the rate of CVCRIs per 1000 catheter days in each hospital unit.\nResults: The study included 100 patients. Of these patients, 50 were hospitalized in the Reanimation Unit, 18 in General Surgery Intensive Care Unit (GSICU), 7 in Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit (NICU), 17 in Internal Medicine Clinic, and 8 in General Surgery Clinic. Of the patients 48 were males and 52 females, with a mean age of 54.3  19.3. Seventy patients carried subclavian catheter, 25 jugular catheter, and 5 femoral catheter. Forty-six catheters were found sterile or contaminated, 39 colonized, 10 with CRBSI, and 5 with local catheter infection. The catheter cultures yielded gram-positive cocci in 32 (59.2%) catheters, gram-negative bacilli in 17 (31.5%), and yeasts in 5 (9.3%). The most frequently isolated microorganism was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The agents of CRBSI were gram-positive cocci in 3, gram-negative bacilli in 4, and yeasts in 3 catheters. The difference between the positive-growth times in the diagnosis of CRBSI was determined with a specificity of 93% and sensitivity of 90%. The rates of CRBSI were found to be 6.9 in all units. \nConclusion: The risk factors for CVCRIs were CVC carried for longer than 10 days, TPN and use of blood products, the vein where CVC was placed, APACHE II score, and the predictive mortality rate. The prevention of risk factors with infection control measures may significantly decrease the rates of CRBSIs.

A lot of quite important duties fall to administrators in preschool educational institutions. However, administrators not only perform the job of educational leadership, which is their permanent duty, at schools, but they are also obliged to deal with works requiring knowledge and skills in many different areas such as financial and purchasing works of the institution, recruiting personnel, following cleaning and maintenance works, etc. And this prevents them from focusing on the work of education, which is their actual work. The purpose of this study is to determine problems which administrators giving service at preschool educational institutions in Turkey face most frequently and make a situation analysis. For this purpose, the administrators giving service in 58 cities of Turkey were reached and the most frequently lived problems were examined in the dimensions of administration, student parent and teacher. Hence, it was tried to make a Turkey analysis. The obtained data was analyzed through using appropriate statistical methods and various findings were reached.

The purpose of the study is to investigate multiple intelligence areas of six-year-old children in preschool according to different socio-economic levels. In direction of this general purpose, the sample of the study included a total of 300 children (150 girls and 150 boys) attending preschools in Bursa province. Within the scope of the study, 300 children in study sample were administered Teele Multiple Intelligences Inventory. The findings, which were obtained by applying statistical processes on data, were interpreted.